Qualitative Cation Tests Essay

Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Questions A. Write net ionic equations for all reactions that produce a precipitate. Ag+(aq.) + Cl-(aq.) —-ïÆ'   AgCl (s) 2 Ag+(aq.)+ 2OH- —ïÆ'   Ag2O (s) + H2O(l) 2 Ag+(aq.)+2NH3+ H2O(l) —ïÆ'   Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+2Cl- (aq.) —-ïÆ'   PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq.)+2OH-(aq.) —-ïÆ'  Pb(OH)2 (s) Pb2+(aq.)+ 2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) —ïÆ'   Pb(OH)2 (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Cu2+(aq.) +2OH-(aq.) —-ïÆ'   Cu(OH)2 (s) 2Cu2+(aq.)+SO42- (aq.) +2NH3(aq.)+2 H2O(l) —–ïÆ'   Cu(OH)2.CuSO4(s) +2NH4+ (aq.) Zn2+ (aq.)+ 2OH- (aq.) —-ïÆ'   Zn(OH)2 (s) Zn2+ (aq.)+2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) —ïÆ'   Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3OH- (aq.) —-ïÆ'   Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3NH3(aq.)+ 3H2O(l) —ïÆ'   Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3NH4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+ CrO42-(aq.) PbCrO4(s) 2Cu2+(aq.)+[Fe(CN)6]4- (aq.) —–ïÆ'  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (s) Zn2+(aq.) + S2-(aq) —–ïÆ'   ZnS(s) 4Fe3+ (aq.)+3[Fe(CN)6]4- (aq.) —-ïÆ'  Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (s) Ca2+(aq) + ( COO)22-(aq) —–ïÆ'   Ca(COO)2 (s) B. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and dissolve in the presence of ammonia. Ag+ C. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and do not redissolve in the presence of ammonia. Pb2+ D. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide but redissolve upon addition of excess sodium hydroxide. Pb2+,Zn2+ E. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide and are not affected by additional sodium hydroxide. Ag+,Cu2+,Fe3+ F.Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia but redissolve upon addition of excess aqueous ammonia. Ag+,Cu2+,Zn2+ G. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia and are not affected additional aqueous ammonia. Pb2+,Fe3+ H. What simple test would distinguish Ag+ and Cu2+ ? Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Ag+ produces brown ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent, resulting in clear, colorless solution. Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Cu2+ produces blue ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent but produces dark blue solution.

Life of Pablo Friere

Based on the demands of our educational system, our society is forced to conform to the level of education that they want us to be at. This educational distortion is beneficiary to the educator's realm and the way of governing education . We are seen as merely objects rather than subjects and are fed only facts/information that the educator only wants us to memorize not actually comprehend it or even ask questions or give our opinions to given facts/information. This is what makes the educator the oppressor and us the oppressed. Paulo Freire's â€Å"Pedogogy of the Oppressed† deals with the concept of oppression in the school system and suggests an alternative method of education. There is an absolute need for students to â€Å"Tear down the wall† (Pink Floyd) of conformity in education and express their individuality. Education in itself can be a contradiction. The teacher (oppressor), is there to educate/teach the student (oppressed) but is he really? As Freire indicates â€Å"Narration (with the teacher as narrator) leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content. Worse yet, it turns them into â€Å"containers,† â€Å"receptacles† to be â€Å"filled† by the teacher. The more completely she fills the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are.† (67). He also goes on to say â€Å"Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat.†(67), and he refers to this as the â€Å"banking system† where the student goes â€Å"only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits.†(68). This â€Å"banking system† method of teaching, really is not teaching the student(oppressed), but rather they are given facts/information by the teacher(oppressor) that they do not fully understand, and so there really is no learning. Also the â€Å"banking concept† holds the student down because he is told what to learn, and he is not allowed to work to his full capacity. It is because if this that the student lacks â€Å"creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system.†(68). If this type of educational method keeps on, then there will be no change, therefore the minds will be filled with facts/information that the student will not always understand. This â€Å"banking concept† method of education also keeps a restraint to knowledge for the student to a certain level because it doesn't give the student initiative, motivation, and drive to actually go out and want to learn. In other words this isn't the way to go about education. As Freire states â€Å"This solution is not (nor can it be found in the banking concept. On the contrary, banking education maintains and even stimulates the contradiction through the following attitudes and practices, which mirror oppressive society as a whole:†(68). They are as follows: â€Å"(a) the teacher teaches and the students are taught (b) the teacher knows everything and the students know nothing (c) the teacher thinks and the students are thought about (d) the teacher talks and the students listen–meekly (e) the teacher disciplines and the students are disciplined (f) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply (g) the teacher acts and the students have the illusion of acting through the action of the teacher (h) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) adapt to it (i) the teacher confuses the authority of knowledge with his or her own professional authority, which she and he sets in opposition to the freedom of the students. (j) the teacher is the Subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.†(68-69). Freire suggest that the educational system use an alternative method of teaching. He calls this â€Å"problem posing† education. Freire goes on to say â€Å"Those truly committed to the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of women and men as conscious beings, and consciousness intent upon the world. They must abandon the educational goal of deposit-making and replace it with the posing of the problems of human beings in their relations with the world. â€Å"Problem-posing† education, responding to the essence of consciousness-intentionality-rejects communiques and embodies communication.†(74). Freire suggests that the students(oppressed) must break free from this system of things and liberate themselves and free their minds. â€Å"Problem-posing† is an excellent way to break free from oppression in our educational system. Freire suggests that â€Å"Indeed, problem-posing education, which breaks with the vertical patterns characteristic of education, can fulfill its function as the practice of freedom to overcome the above contradiction.†(74). The oppressed, once free, experience their world, and as a result question it. This is where they break free from oppression and begin the journey to freedom from this restricted educational system that Freire calls â€Å"banking system†. Freire also mentions that â€Å"Problem-posing education, as a humanist and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that the people subjected to domination must fight for their emancipation. To that end, it enables teachers and students to become Subjects to the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism; it also enables people to overcome their false perception of reality. The world-no longer something to be described with deceptive words-becomes the object of their transforming action by men and women which results in their humanization.†(79). In other words, based on the â€Å"banking concept†, students are told what to learn and expected to learn it. Being told what to learn creates a necessity to rely on an authoritative figure not only in school but also in life, and reject responsibility. This is what the â€Å"oppressors† want, the â€Å"oppressed† who rely on authority and reject responsibility because that puts everyone under some form of power, and the â€Å"oppressed† are then prepared for the next oppressor. The educational system needs â€Å"problem-posing† methods of teaching because it makes the student becomes a critical thinker, and not only that but no longer becomes an object but rather a being who can share ideas with the teacher. In that fashion of education the teacher could also learn from the student and all can give different input on a given subject. This would allow each student to break the mold and become individual thinkers who can express their knowledge in different ways. Overall the methods used for teaching are very inadequate. Instead of telling the students what is to be memorized, the teachers should apply problem-posing techniques to get the students learning themselves. Once this teaching method can be applied, students shouldn't actually just rely on the facts/information given to them but rather go out and seek and find out for themselves the truth and reality of all things. Everyone Is able to share their ideas and can learn from each other. I feel that Paulo Freire does an excellent job in making us aware of the reality of things in our educational system. I agree with the fact that we should have more of the problem-posing method of teaching, because it will not only involve us and make our ideas heard but will actually expand our way of thinking.

Phosphine gas general info

Health Cl Extremely flammable Cl Very toxic by inhalation: syrnptoms usually occur within a few hours of exposure D Phosphine is irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat and espiratory tract 0 Inhalation may result in weakness, chest tightness and pain, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia, confusion and lung damage. These symptoms may develop 2-3 days after exposure 0 Severe poisoning may result in increased heart rate, low blood pressure, convulsions, coma, heart damage and death.These symptoms usually within 4 days but may be delayed up to 1-2 weeks C] Exposure to the eyes or skin may cause Irritation 0 Long-term exposure may cause anaemla, bronchltls, gastrointestinal disorders, peech and motor problems, toothache, weakness, weight loss, swelling and damage of the jaw bone and spontaneous fractures 0 Phosphine has not been associated with cancer 0 Phosphine is not likely to cause reproductive or dev elopmental effects Environment 0 Dangerous for the Environment 0 Inform Environment Agency of substantial release incidents Prepared by L Assem & M Takamiya Institute of Environment and Health Cranfield University 2007 Version 1 Background Phosphine is a colourless gas, which is slightly heavier than air.It usually smells of garlic or rotting fish due to the presence of ontaminants but pure phosphine is odourless. is extremely flammable and highly reactive with air, copper and copper-containing alloys. exposed to higher levels of phosphine, although occupational incidents involving exposure to phosphine are rare, and safety levels are in place to protect employees. Phosphine is rarely found in nature. Small amounts can be formed during the breakdown of organic matter, although it is rapidly degraded. Phosphine is released into the air via emissions from various manufacturing processes and from the use of metal (magnesium, aluminium and zinc) phosphide umigants and pesticides, which release phosphine on contact with water or acid.The major uses of phosphine are as a fumigant during the storage of agricultural products such as nuts, seeds, grains, coffee and tobacco, and in the manufacture of semi-conductors. Phosphine is also used in the production of some chemicals and metal alloys and is an unintentional by-product in the illegal manufacture of the drug methamphetamine. Inhalation is the most likely route of exposure to phosphine, although ingestion of metal phosphides may also occur. Symptoms are non-specific and include irritation of the espiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, abdominal pain, sickness, and vomiting. convulsions, damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney, and death. Long-lasting effects of single dose exposure are unlikely, most symptoms clearing within a month.Long-term exposure to phosphine, while unlikely to occur, can cause bronchitis, gastrointestinal, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw, anaemia and spo ntaneous fractures. Children exposed to phosphine will have the same symptoms of poisoning as adults. Phosphine is not likely to cause harm to the nborn child as acute effects are not known to cause developmental effects. Phosphine is rapidly broken down in the environment and it is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to sufficient levels of phosphine to cause health effects. However, people may be exposed to very small amounts of phosphine present in air, food and water. Phosphine has not been associated with cancer and has not reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.Workers employed as fumigators, pestcontrol operators, transport workers and those involved in the production or use of hosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors), may be General information: Page 2 of 5 PHOSPHINE – GENERAL INFORMATION Production and Uses Phosphine is present in emissions from some industrial processes such as the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys of metal phosphides) and as a catalyst and in the production of polymers The main uses of phosphine are as a chemical dopant in the manufacture of semiconductors for the electronics industry, and in the fumigation (in the form of metal phosphides) of stored agricultural products such as cereal grains and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a condensation catalyst and in the manufacture of some polymers. Zinc phosphide is used as a rodenticide in the form of a pellet or as a paste mixed with food. Small amounts of phosphine are produced in the production of chemicals such as phosphonium halide and acetylene gas. General information: Page 3 of 5 Frequently Asked Questions What is phosphine? Phosphine is a colourless gas which is highly flammable and explosive in air.Pure phosphine is odourless, although most commercially available grades have the odour of garlic or decaying fish. Small amounts of phosphine can occur naturally, formed uring the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. Phosphine is corrosive towards metals, in particular copper and copper-containing alloys. What is phosphine used for? A major use of phosphine is as a semi-conductor doping agent by the electronics industry. Metal (aluminium, magnesium and zinc) phosphides, which release phosphine on contact with moisture and acid, are used as rodenticides and fumigates during storage of agricultural commodities such as grain e. g. cereals, and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a catalyst and in the production of polymers.How does phosphine get into the environment? Small amounts of phosphine occur naturally during the decomposition of phosphorouscontaining organic matter e. g. in marsh gas. Emissions and effluents from the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys, as well the production or use of phosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors, rodenticides and fumigants), release phosphine into the air. How will I be exposed to phosphine? It is unlikely that the general population will be exposed to significant amounts of phosphine, since it is degraded quickly in the environment; the half-life of phosphine in the air is about one day or less.However, people may be exposed to very small amounts by inhaling air, drinking water and eating food containing phosphine. Workers involved with industries and processes where phosphine is used, e. g. fumigation and pest control, may be exposed to higher levels of phosphine. People living nearby sites where phosphine is being used may also be exposed to small amounts of phosphine in the air. Phosphine gas does not present a risk of secondary contamination, although solid phosphides may pose some risk. Absorption though the skin is not considered a significant route of exposure. If there is phosphine in the nvironment does not always lead to exposure. Clearly, in order for phosphine to cause any adverse health effects you must come into contact with it.You may be exposed by brea thing, eating, or drinking the substance or by skin contact. Following exposure to any chemical, the adverse health effects you may encounter depend on several factors, including the amount to which you are exposed (dose), the way you are exposed, the duration of exposure, the form of the chemical and if you are exposed to any other chemicals. Exposure to phosphine or metal phosphides can be irritating to the respiratory tract nd can cause weakness, chest pain and tightness, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia and confusion. Severe cases may lead to lung damage, convulsions, damage to the heart, liver and kidney, and death.General information: Page 4 of 5 Long-term exposure to low levels of phosphine can cause anaemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal problems, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw and spontaneous fractures. Can phosphine cause cancer? The Governmental Committee on Mutagenicity rec ently reviewed the available data n carcinogenicity of phosphine and concluded that it did not cause cancer in animal studies. Phosphine has not been reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (‘ARC), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) considers phosphine as not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity, due to inadequate animal studies and a lack of human tumour data. Does phosphine affect children or damage the unborn child?Children who ingest metal phosphides or inhale phosphine gas are expected to have similar symptoms as adults, e. g. sickness, vomiting, headache, dizziness, in severe ases leading to damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney and death. There is no evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to phosphine affects the health of the unborn child. What should I do if I am exposed to phosphine? It is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to a level of phosphine high enough to cause adverse health effects. T his document from the HPA Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards reflects understanding and evaluation of the current scientific evidence as presented and referenced in this document.

Examining the Stages of Interpersonal Communication Assignment

Examining the Stages of Interpersonal Communication - Assignment Example Someone was playing a prank on him and had taken away his clothes as he was swimming. He did not have a locker there since he was not a member so he had left the clothes on the benches when he went to the pool. It can then be considered that the first meeting was a bit funny and also sad. This was the initiating stage and it was characterized by us meeting in the pool area and the changing rooms and exchanging pleasantries whenever we could. I had the idea that he wanted to be my friend since he always said hello whenever we met and seemed more comfortable putting his clothes and bag near where I kept mine. When he asked me for my number so that he could get in touch and we could be swimming together, I knew that he wanted us to be friends. In the experimenting stage of our relationship, we began calling each other and planning for swimming together. This stage was definitely experimenting since we were always trying to know more about each other. I particularly wanted to find out where Tim lived, his hobbies, whether he had brothers and sisters, which school he went to and so much more. Later I came to realize that he also wanted to know the same and this was a way that would help us to reduce uncertainty (Adler & Proctor, 2012, p. 256). At this particular stage, I tried my best to appear as a good person so that Tim would be comfortable being my friend and he even let me know that there had been some guys at the gym that had always bullied him and played pranks on him and that was what had happened the first time we had met. As this stage progressed, we had more time around each other especially when going swimming since I had come to realize that Tim liked swimming the same way that I did. Severally, we visited each others’ houses and in the process I met his parents and siblings and when he came to my place, he got the chance to meet my parents and my brothers too. In this stage, I tried to be as direct as possible and told Tim the things that

The Principles of Economics Applied in Real Life Essay

The Principles of Economics Applied in Real Life - Essay Example One of the latest major layoffs occurred at GM which let go of over 20,000 employees as the company filed bankruptcy. The severe job loss has implication at the micro and macro economic level. Since less people are working in America it means that the amount of money in circulation in the economy is lower. When there is less money moving around there are many symptoms that occurred as consequence of such an economic environment. Business activity lowers because the demand for goods from consumer diminishes due to their ability to afford the goods and services they used to purchase when they were employed. Auto manufacturers such as GM, Chrysler, and Ford are impacted as their overall levels of production supply goes down since there are not as many potential customers in the marketplace that can afford to purchase a new vehicle. The government is affected by the rising unemployment. Suddenly the demand for governmental programs and assistance goes up as more people become unemployment. The amount of participants of programs such as unemployment benefits, welfare, and student scholarship programs goes up. Many unemployed persons choose to back to school in order to keep these occupied and achieve professional development while they wait for the economy to begin producing once again so they can become a part of the workforce once again. During these harsh economic times some industries actually benefit and the demand for there products and services goes up. An example is the fast food industry and other cheap food establishments. People can not afford to eat at luxury restaurants, thus they meet their needs to go out and take family out to eat by going to neighborhood food stands and other lower price establishments. The recession which according to economic experts started in December of 2007 has costs the United States a total of 6 million jobs. If we assume that on the average these jobs

Rules, Rights and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rules, Rights and Justice - Essay Example Parliament is normally influenced by public opinion and social changes into making laws through Acts of parliament. There are various origins of Acts of parliament, which are caused by the variations in public and social opinions. Consequently various Acts of parliament are enacted, laws established to ensure a peaceful cohabitation of the people with its environs. Most of these will be addressed in this paper to find out the numerous ways the public can affect establishment of laws. Origin of Acts of Parliament There are different origins of Acts of parliament in England and Wales. Some of these include; national emergency crisis, manifestos of parties, the law commission, royal commission and the private members bills. The party manifestos refer to those lists of reforms promised by political parties when there is a general election. They do guarantee they would implement if they are elected into parliament. In other terms, party manifestos are simply pre-election promises. The Act s of parliament may be obtained from the pre-election promises on which the elected government made to the public (Block 2, 2012; p. 93). Nationwide emergency, crisis or fresh developments which arise during the reign of a government might force the parliament to establish an Act to deal with the crisis. For instance, the Anti-Terrorism, crime and Security Act 2001 was brought up to respond to the latest circumstances concerning the terror attack on September 11, 2001 in New York and Washington. The main objective of the 2001 Act was to cut down on financing for the terror groups, ensuring the departments and agencies in the government had authority to gather and share important information needed to deal with terror threats. In addition, the 2001 Act had the aim of expanding police jurisdiction and accessibility to appropriate forces and pass on to UK’s anti-terror authority (Block 2, 2012; p. 95). The royal commissions at times submit their report to the parliament with rec ommendations for laws which may be assumed as part of the government lawmaking process. Royal Commissions are recommended committees enacted by the State even though officially selected by the Crown. The commission conducts an investigation for any subject the government might see fit to refer to. These are normally used for political issues that are not related to any party or for matters the government deems to be perceived as addressing in a non-party political manner (Block 2, 2012; p. 101). A recommendation from the law commission is also another source of Parliamentary Acts. The main aim of creating the law commission was to establish recommendations concerning any subject of the law that the commission might feel necessary to have reforms. Thus the commission is mandated with the accountability of keeping all the regulations under the review with the objective of reform and development. The work of the commission is wide-ranging in the sense that it proposes the changes to th e law inclusive of the necessary reforms. The private member bills are also another source of the Acts of parliament. This is a situation where the individual members of parliament are able to initiate their own laws otherwise known as the Private Member’s Bill. One good example of the successful private member’s Bill which was signed into legislation is the Marriage Act 1994. This was initiated by Gyles Brandreth, Chester’

Literature Review on Small-Group Learning Activities

On Small-Group Learning Activities - Literature review Example If collaborative effort is applied to any task then the productivity tends to increase (Zawojewski & Et. Al., 2003). The overall study tries to demonstrate the importance of the small group learning activities. Objective of the Study The main objective of the study has been to understand the role of the small-group learning activities. The study will be related to the United Kingdom undergraduate students in subject areas linked to health care. The study will provide certain supporting evidences in small-group learning activities for the small group to discuss and debate. A clinical based scenario will be selected upon which the overall literature review will be based. At first the literature review will try to make the reader understand as to what the term small-group learning activity denotes. It will further try to explain the clinical based evidences that can be used by the small groups of students to discuss and debate. Finally, the literature review will try to identify the imp act of such small group learning activities. ... Therefore, it is important to understand if the three terms that is collaborative learning, cooperative learning and small-group learning express the same meaning. Most of the practitioners consider all the three types of learning to have the same goals, that is, to change a passive classroom environment into active student-centered environment. However, it has been evident that most of the authors don’t view the three types of learning as synonymous. In this regards, it can be discussed that the two terms collaborative learning as well as cooperative learning can be distinguished from each other. However, both the terms seem to focus upon the notion that students need to engage themselves with the study material so that they can learn the information in a meaningful manner. These terms assist in creating the environment where the students engage themselves in the study material by partaking of their knowledge and ideas by means of providing the support, feedback along with en couragement and by teaching each other. It is to be pointed out that the term small-group learning is quite flexible as well as comprehensive. It further reveals that there might be circumstances when the members of the group don’t cooperate or it might even be the case when the members of the group simply collaborate. The type of task the group needs to accomplish determines the interaction among the group members in most of the cases. It can be demonstrated that the small-group learning has turned into current label that is given to the type of active-learning activity by putting the students into groups and they are asked to achieve the task (Kreke & Towns, 1998). Importance of Using the Small-Group

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Business Management - Essay Example These new people in the organization always bring in something that they give to the organization as well as learning from the organization at the same time. In today’s modern world technical skills have gained more importance and so has the need for the understanding of the behavior of these people (Kreitner, 2009). A study of organizations which encompasses different viewpoints and is based on multiple levels of analysis is termed as Organizational Behavior. The study involves the behavior of the people in the working environment (Schein, 2004). The importance of organizational behavior is seen in an organizations development. Organizational behavior is used to increase the performance of an organization wholly and individually. The role of organizational behavior is very important these days, many different types of people with varied ethnic backgrounds and cultures work together and hence its importance and popularity is increasing in the business community (Harris, 2001). It covers other fields like sociology, psychology, management and effective communication. Moreover organizational Behavior helps in the improvement of how the company can elevate its performance as well as the individuals that are working in it. Organizational Behavior covers topics like diversity of cultures, team intera ctions, and design of organization, influence, leadership and power. Organizational Behavior is all about the ability to manage as well as lead thereby increasing the output of the organization (Kreitner, 2009). The purpose of Organizational Behavior is to find out the factors that affect the company’s performance and the individuals that work in an organization are studied so as to find out the shortfalls in them that lead to the company’s downfall. The study is used to find out the factors that will increase organizations effectiveness

Personal Statement for the University Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

For the University - Personal Statement Example Studying an undergraduate degree on Accounting and Finance in University of Exeter gave me greater insights into how the subject and the function of accounting within business help to define the process. During my first year compulsory modules, Business Law for Accountants, I understood and demonstrated knowledge of the legal systems in the UK and the principle features of business law. The Hong Kong legal systems are based on the UK system and so although this module was UK-based.Knowledge of the law can help me in dealing with unexpected difficulties. During my holiday in 2011, I have travelled to a new villa in the Maldives for vacation with my friends. During this 1 week holiday, my friends and I were promised by a travel agency that there was a bar and English speakers on premise. However, when we arrived, they spoke very poor English and the bar only opened once during the week. As such, we are very disappointed with the journey. When I came back to Hong Kong, I filed suit agai nst the travel contract by applying the case "Jarvis v Swan Tours (1973)" which I had learned in my business law module. Finally, I held to be entitled to damages for my disappointment. As a result, I received 1/3 of the cost of my holiday as well as receiving â€Å"disappointment damages† for the holiday. Due to the fact that I was able to apply the case law I was familiar with in order to positively affect my own life as well as the life of my friends, I have become greatly more interested in better understanding the nuances of the law.

Global Food Politics in Organic Food Industry Essay

Global Food Politics in Organic Food Industry - Essay Example This report stresses that nutritionists are placing an unprecedented amount of emphasize on organic products, which makes people feel compelled to read the list of ingredients before buying it. That's when the buyers will be pleasantly surprised to discover that they can actually understand the list. For instance, the ingredients of organic milk are simply: certified organic grade A milk, and Vitamin D3. This unique feature not only helps consumers to identify an organic product, but also provides a sense of security when people consume the product. When people pick up a conventional product, they glance at it to check for defects, and then toss it into the cart. It is unlikely that anyone is going to read the ingredient list closely. This paper makes a conclusion that even though organic foods differ from conventional foods in many aspects, study shows that there are no substantial differences between their taste and safety. Buying an organic product is more of an act of protecting the environment than promoting one's own health. If consumers' budget allows, they should buy more organic products, because it is a simple way of giving back to the Mother Nature, and help to preserve biological stability on earth. People are more willing to save in order to be able to afford products like these today. One for the quality and two for the environmental attributes which are given back to the earth. These are two of the main motivators for the organic food industry today and why it is gaining in such popularity as well.

Summary Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary Module 7 - Essay Example on should follow both the theological and philosophical nature to shade the light on the truth by reducing the difference between the west and the east as far as Christianity perspectives are concerned. The Encyclical Redemption mission calls the church to make it known to all that the Gospel is the truth through definitive word of Jesus in full. This is because the beliefs by other religions about Jesus, which are not true, and they should be ignored. Obedience, faith and the truth should be the guidance to the church when proclaiming the word of God as Jesus died after instructing us to do so. The church should understand that the word is the true picture of revelation through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. This as seen in the New Testament shows that God sent Jesus to the world to die for us and that whoever wants to see God has to pass through Christ. Initially, children who die before baptism were believed to go to hell because of the inherited sins from their parents as per Augustine’s thought. This is a changed belief in the Catholic, as the penalty of sin will be burdened to the actual sinner. The children will enjoy peace with God according to pope Innocent III. Since we live in the world of faith and hope, we should have hope for the better of the children who die due to abortion. In the Bible Jesus point out that, children will inherit the kingdom of God and they should not be prohibited from coming to the Christ as per the book of Mathew in the New Testament. Evangelism vita by John Paul II indicates that children while still in the wombs of their mothers are Godly objects of Fatherly loving. This means that they are blessed before they are born. It is illogical to judge the fate of unbaptized children as it is only the jurisdiction of the Creator. From the New Testament, Jesus teaches about going to heaven to be entailing knowing Jesus and being born again. In patristic period, it gave a provision for salvation outside the church only to those

Unconditional Service Essay Example for Free

Unconditional Service Essay I know a woman, so fine so fair, she has been teaching for thirty years and that kept her glare.   When I see her, I feel no point of unimportant stare.   When I am with her, I am everything any person would want to bear.   In the eyes of those who seek her presence, she is a woman of faith and hope—of love and service for those who happen to go off shore.   She is very educated and is dedicated to teaching, and with that I admire her- for her astounding pleasant realm. She loves kids and she loves people. But most all she loves black and all she wanted was fairness with no despair. She doesn’t have a tongue of agonistic fear—one reason why people look up to her.   That makes sense that she is one who’s far beyond compare. In every word she says, there is conviction.   In every person she helps, there is admiration.   Day by day, she seeks more than just lame fame, her dedication to others and her peers is outstanding my rationality cannot even level in total mare. There has been no time that she asked for money or for compensation to fill up her folly.   She served with love, with hope and faith—a love so pure so delicate yet so delightful. There seems to be no word to best define her purity, all I know is that her beauty is hysteria of fine mystery. All of which tantamount for one single reason—she is beautiful, she’s pretty—she is more than just a beauty.   And from this day by which I have known her wonderful being, I’ll forever keep the warmth of her presence which sweeps me off my feet as a realization that in this world, when the sky seems to be dark and gloomy, there is hope and it may come from a person named Dr. Franklin—and her kindness that cherishes me.

Macbeth Concept Of Imagination Philosophy Essay

Macbeth Concept Of Imagination Philosophy Essay Macbeth is the best example of Shakespeares use of imagination. Macbeth becomes very obsessed with an idea of becoming king and his imagination leads him to do horrible things. The purpose of this paper is to show how powerful Macbeths imagination was and how it served him. To successfully examine the concept of imagination in Macbeth it was necessary to read Macbeth itself, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human by Harold Bloom and O Sekspirovim tragedijama by Shahab Yar Khan. Also, diverse critics gave their input on this theme which was helpful in finalizing this research. ( Ian Johnston 1999, Henry Neill Paul 1938) Results show that Macbeth has freely chosen to embrace evil in his imagination. He has not resisted the impulse to imagine himself as a king. It is quite clear that Macbeths ambition and commitment to his evil desires led him to brutally kill all those who he sees as a threat. Introduction Shakespeare has for the centuries thrilled most of the readers and spectators around the world. His works have been studied in many countries, thus making him hailed as the worlds greatest writer ever. Someone once said that the man, who has no imagination, has no wings. We are all aware of that. The imagination runs the show. We cant accept the modern literature without it. Shakespeare used it very often and with so much excellence that he brought it to the perfection. Macbeth is the best example of Shakespeares use of imagination Harold Bloom says that Macbeth himself can be called the unluckiest of all Shakespearean protagonists because he is the most imaginative. His power of fantasy is so enormous that pragmatically it seems to be Shakespeares own. (Bloom, 1998, p.516) The universal reaction to Macbeth is that we identify with him, or at least with his imagination. Shakespeare describes various types of symbolism and imagery that leads to the downfall of the main protagonist, Macbeth. The showings of darkness represent its evil and tragic moments. Blood symbolizes murder and guilt. The symbol of clothing is particularly used to suggest the hiding of the real faces and true itself and it is also widely used in order to achieve the general theme of evil. There are also Biblical references, witchcrafts, ghosts and many other imagery tools which made the story even more phantasmagoric. Concept of Imagination When we speak of imagination the first thing that comes up to our mind is something unnatural; something beyond our concept of reality. Imagination is a long lasting phenomenon. It has roots in mythology. Many people had spoken about it and gave their definitions. They can all be put in one: it is the formation of a mental image of something that is neither perceived as real nor present to the senses. The witchcraft in Macbeth, though pervasive, cannot alter material events, yet hallucination can and does. The rough magic in Macbeth is wholly Shakespeares; he indulges his own imagination as never before, seeking to find its moral limits (if any). I do suggest that Macbeth represents Shakespeare, in any of the complex ways that Falstaff and Hamlet may represent certain inner aspects of the playwright. But in the Renaissance sense of imagination (which is not ours), Macbeth may well be the emblem of that faculty of Shakespeare, a faculty that must have frightened Shakespeare and ought to terrify us, when we read or attend Macbeth, for the play depends upon its horror and its own imaginings. Imagination 9 or fancy) is an equivocal matter for Shakespeare and his era, where it meant both poetic furor, as a kind of substitute for divine inspiration, and a gap torn in reality, almost a punishment for the displacement of the sacred into the secular. All of us posses, to one degree or anot her, a proleptic imagination; in Macbeth, it is absolute. Macbeth terrifies us partly because that aspect of our own imagination is so frightening; it seems to make us murderers, thieves, usurpers and rapists. (Bloom, 1998, p.516) In the Act I Macbeth is already introduced with extraordinary nature of his imagination: This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill; cannot be good: If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor: If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings. My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man That function is smotherd in surmise, And nothing is, but what is not. According to Harold Bloom, my single state of man plays upon several meanings of single: unitary, isolated, vulnerable. The phantasmagoria of murdering Duncan is so vivid that nothing is, but what is not, and function, the mind, is smoothered by surmise, fantasy. Macbeth speaks to himself in a kind of trance, halfway between trauma and second sight. An involuntary visionary of horror, he sees what certainly is going to happen, while still knowing this murder to be but fantastical. His tribute to his own horrible imaginings is absolute: the implication is that his will is irrelevant. (Bloom, 1998, p.536) The Witches The witches interactions with Macbeth play a vital role in his thinking about his own life, before and after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth and Banquo recognize them as something supernatural, part of landscape, but not fully human. They have malicious intentions and prophetic powers. They do nothing other than talk and offer visions. They are not involved in any action, yet they are important symbols in the play. They are essential manifestations of the moral atmosphere of Macbeths world, just like the ghost in Hamlet. Macbeth so foresees an event that it seems to have happened already before it actually takes place. He is not aware of his ambition before he sees himself having performed the bloody crimes that fulfill his ambition. The witches exist to delusion people, to challenge their faith in themselves and the society. Professor Khan thinks that Macbeths evil-inner of himself attracts the witches: One namjerno Ä ekaju Macbetha i Banqua kao Ã…Â ¡to zlo Ä eka ljude. MeÄ‘utim, one Ä ovjeku ne predlaÃ…Â ¾u zlo: one radije spomenu object koji bi mogoao pokrenuti Ä ovjekovo vlastito naginjanje zlu, a u ovom sluÄ aju one to rade preko proroÄ anstva. Dobar Ä ovjek kao Ã…Â ¡to je Banquo, moÃ…Â ¾e se oduprijeti njihovom pozivu, jer on u sebi ima milost BoÃ…Â ¾ju, kao i trag prvog grijeha. (Khan, 2008, p.35) Unlike Macbeth, Banquo doesnt let his desires outweigh his moral caution. His response to the witches is different: But tis strange, And oftentimes to win us to our harm The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles to betrays In deepest consequences Macbeth cannot act on his awareness because his desires, kept alive by his imagination, are constantly mixed with his moral sensibilities. A part of Macbeth is fascinated with the possibility of being king. Its not entirely clear where this desire comes from. The witches put the suggestion into the play, but there is a strong hint from his wife that two of them have already talked about well before the play begins: What beast was t, then, That made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more the man In that case, the appearance of the witches may be a response to Macbeths desires. He has not exactly invited them, but they are responding to his innermost imaginative desires. They dont tell him what to do; they dont say anything about killing Duncan. The witches cannot be responsible for Macbeths actions. His actions are not controlled by the witches. He is always free to choose how he is going to act. Hence, we can say that these witches are there to constantly remind us of the potential for evil in the human imagination. Blood Blood is everywhere in Macbeth, beginning with the opening battle between the Scots and the Norwegian invaders, which is described in harrowing terms by the wounded captain in Act 1, scene 2. Bloom in his Invention of human argues that of all Shakespeares plays, Macbeth is most a tragedy o blood, not just in its murders but in the ultimate implications of Macbeths imagination itself being bloody. Macbeths phantasmagoria of blood is constantly there: blood is the prime constituent of his imagination. (Bloom, 1998, p.520) Once Macbeth and Lady Macbeth embark upon their murderous journey, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and they begin to feel that their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? Macbeth cries after he has killed Duncan, even as his wife scolds him and says that a little water will do the job. Later, though, she comes to share his horrified sense of being stained: Out, damned spot; out, I say . . . who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? she asks as she wanders through the halls of their castle near the close of the play. Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, one that hounds them to their graves. (http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/macbeth/themes.html) Professor Khan discusses the sight of blood and its color in his book: Ono Ã…Â ¡to viÃ…Â ¡e upada u oÄ i od boja svjetla i vatre, jeste boja krvi. I zaista, prizor krvi nam se konstantno natura, ne samo pukim sluÄ ajem, nego punim opisom i Ä ak ponavljanjem rijeÄ i u neoÄ ekivanim dijelovima dijaloga. (Khan, 2008, p.25) Dagger scene After discussing the crime he is about to commit with Lady Macbeth, Macbeth decided to go through with the terrible feat. He is sitting alone, waiting for some signal which would approve his evil act. The focus of this soliloquy, the invisible dagger, is one of first evidences of Macbeths powerful imagination; an imagination, which would later be the main reason for his lunacy, and in the very end, his downfall: Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressà ¨d brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. Thou marshallst me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o th other senses, Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, Which was not so before. Theres no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes When he goes out to commit the murder, he is hallucinating the sight of a dagger leading him toward the deed, and he is filled with a sense of horror at what he is about to do. He is, it seems, in the grip of his imagination and is not serving some conscious rational decision he has made. But, in the very act of letting his imagination lead him on, he is aware that what he is doing is wrong. Its as if the dagger is pulling him toward the murder (against his will)hes following an imagined projection of his desires, rather than being pushed into the murder by some inner passion. (http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/macbeth.htm) Its important to stress the imaginative tensions in Macbeths character before the murder and to appreciate his divided nature. Thats why summing up his motivation with some quick judgment about his ambition is something one should resist. That resolves the issue too easily. Macbeth, in a sense, is tricked into murdering Duncan, but he tricks himself. That makes the launching of his evil career something much more complex than a single powerful urge which produces a clear decision. (http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/macbeth.htm) After all, one needs to notice clearly how he is filled with instant regret at what he has done. If driving ambition were all there was to it, one would think that Macbeth and his wife would not become morally confused so quickly. Macbeths entrance after the killing brings out really strongly a sense that if he could go back to the speech about the imaginary dagger, he would not carry out the murder. Lady Macbeth thinks a little water will solve their immediate problem; Macbeth knows that that is too easy. He cannot live with what he is done and remain the same person. (http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/eng366/lectures/macbeth.htm) Macbeth and Banquos ghost Encounter Another instance in which Macbeths imagination comes into play again is when he sees Banquos ghost and he begins talking to him: Avaunt, and quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee. Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold. Thou hast no speculation in those eyes Which thou dost glare with! Macbeth and only Macbeth can see Banquos ghost. Many critics say that Banquos ghost is not real but a delusion of his evil sub-conscious and the fear and guilt that have completely overwhelmed and paralyzed him. So Shakespeare uses the appearance of Banquos ghost as a means of revealing to his readers the mental turmoil of Macbeth. We know how Macbeths reacted to Duncans murder, when he said he will never sleep again, that he is capable of guilt. The ghost is a manifestation of that, just as the dagger was a manifestation of his ambition. Conclusion Macbeths ambition is driven by a number of factors including prophecy and Lady Macbeth. The witches foretell that Macbeth will become King. Macbeth believes them and the various prophecies come true during the play. Witches appear three times, but as a fruit of Macbeths imagination. Lady Macbeth is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action. Macbeths ambition soon gets out of control and forces him to murder again and again to cover up his previous crime. The last prophecy Macbeth hears from the witches is: Macbeth shall never vanquish be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane hill For none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. The supernatural force speaks the truth, but by obliquity and by double meaning. They have blinded Macbeth by extending his pride. The Shakespeares use of the apparition to represent the powerful evil spirits is effective to demonstrate the power of image over word. It is through the strengths of his imagination that Shakespeares characters have withstood time. They are played on every stage in the world. In the end, Shakespeares ingenious usage of themes and symbolism creates, as A. P. Rossiter calls, a play about the disintegration of the state of man, and the state he makes his. Without the witches, the ghost, the visions, and the apparitions, Macbeth would have been a dull and tiresome play.

Using The Strategy Of Preemption For Preventing Terrorism Politics Essay

Using The Strategy Of Preemption For Preventing Terrorism Politics Essay Terrorism is a broad phenomenon which can have many subjective interpretations. Even if its definitions vary widely, it is well known that terrorism relies on the use of violence and it can be seen as a result of bargaining failure. Terrorist actions are carried out by non-state actors and are designed to achieve specific political changes. In order to achieve their objectives, terrorists are looking for different targets which, hit, assure not only a considerable loss, but also a psychological impact on public opinion, endangering human lives, values systems, standards and political systems. As terrorism became a global issue, states adopted different strategies such as defensive measures, preemption, or negotiation and compromise in order to prevent and fight against it. In this essay I will analyze one of the strategies mentioned above, the strategy of preemption against terrorism and I will examine its costs and benefits. In the first part of my essay I will present this strategy in detail, explaining what it represents and how it can be adopted. In the second part of this essay I will emphasize the costs and the benefits of this strategy, giving certain examples. I will also try to explain in what sense it can increase support for groups who are using terrorist strategies. In the end, I will state my conclusion, based on arguments. The strategy of preemption is based on taking the initiative and destroy terrorist networks before they attack. This strategy can be applied by destroying terrorist camps or their hiding places, or by assasinating them. This was the most outstanding strategy adopted by the Bush administration as a response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11. In September 2002, the President George Bush emphasised the need of using this strategy in order to preempt attacks from states which may posses weapons of mass destruction. Both wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were justified by the President of the U.S. as ways of preventing terrorism.(Haynes, Jeffrey. World Politics. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2011. Print) As it has recentely been adopted by the U.S, terrorism preemption could be defined as those offensive military and associated actions by the services and other appropriate agencies that are initiated against terrorists, their organizations, supporters,and sponsor states to prevent or deter acts or c ampaigns of terrorism directed against US citizens and interests.( Sloan, Stephen 2000:39 ) The terrorist attacks on 9/11 had a great impact not only in U.S., but also on the whole international security context. Before these events, the imbalance and balance between the states represented a normal geopolitical framework, but which was seriously affected because of the emergence and development of civil, nongovernmental and transnational organizations which took the shape of terrorist organizations. Washington is dealing with actions carried out by terrorist organizations including Al-Qaeda, which is the most important. European Union may be destabilized quite seriously, if it will not manage effectively with the fate of millions of Islamists whose political culture is totally different from the liberal democratic system. There is emphasized the idea that the destabilization of the current world order has its roots in Washingtons failure in Iraq. Also, it is quite certain that it could reach the same result even if the U.S. intervened elsewhere than in Iraq or Afghanistan. It could reach the same result even if it did not intervene at all, anywhere, because the danger comes from non-state actors, who are determined to end the existence of states, civilizations and cultures that seem to be in conflict with their religious believes. (Amoore, Louise, and Marieke De Goede. Risk and the War on Terror. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.), (Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. New York, NY: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.), (Chomsky Noam, Hegemonie sau supravieÃ…Â £uire. America à ®n căutarea dominaÃ…Â £iei globale, BucureÃ…Å ¸ti, Ed. Antet, 2003) Fighting against terrorism represents a war, strategies made in detail, not only large-scale actions such as the counterblast of the U.S and their allies in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is a conflict that depends on political decisions, information technology and on the capability of mobilizing the resources. The year 2003 represented an important moment during this fight against terrorism, even from its beginning, when in March, the war started in Iraq. The campaign from Iraq is unique, characterized by shock, by the precise usage of the ammunition which occurred at a scale as has never been, and also by the use of overwhelming forces. Using well prepared strategies, allowed the execution of the operation in a sustained manner and minimized the collateral damage. (Amoore, Louise, and Marieke De Goede. Risk and the War on Terror. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.) This brings me to the second part of this essay. Even if the good strategies used during the war minimized the loss, the strategy of preemption remains very costly in many ways. First of all, surveillance must be continuous; otherwise it will be impossible to prevent all the terrorist attacks. Secondly, tracking all the possible terrorist activities is also a hard and costly activity. More than these, surveillance can violate the civil liberties of innocent citizens. Accomplishing all of these, an important amount of financial and human resources are needed. The key to an effective fight against terrorism is the accountability of the democratic states, a process of strengthening their institutional instruments, in order to apply better and strictly impose the law. In the same time, the democratic states have to be trained in an international cooperation of preventing and fighting against terrorism from a political, economical, social and military perspective. The international cooper ation is essential for an efficient monitoring system of the terrorist threat.( Andreescu, Anghel, and Nicolae Radu. OrganizaÃ…Â £iile Teroriste Conceptualizarea Terorii vs Securitatea Europeană. Bucuresti: M.I.R.A, 2008. Print.) Another problem of this policy is that preemption itself is illegal under the international law, which makes it impossible to finance it and to be supported by many countries. There is though an exception of this law, an exception which allows a strategy of preemption when it is known for sure that a state will be attacked. This law appeared right after the Second World War, and because of that it refers to a military threat from other states. Regarding the fact that terrorist networks act on their own, without asking approval from any state, the strategy of preemption can not be approved by the UN. (Shue, Henry, and David Rodin. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.) Of course, making public the adoption of such strategy of fighting against terrorism in certain areas, can draw the attention of the terrorist groups and they can use these information to prepare themselves. This will make defeating them much harder and will take much longer than expected. Using preemption as a long term strategy and by attacking all the people involved in terrorist activities, terrorists will be able to adapt themselves and be prepared for a war, knowing the strategies of the target country from previous attacks. This is why, from a practical perspective, this strategy can be used only on a short term. (Chomsky Noam, Hegemonie sau supravieÃ…Â £uire. America à ®n căutarea dominaÃ…Â £iei globale, BucureÃ…Å ¸ti, Ed. Antet, 2003 ) The most important aspect is, when talking about a strategy of preemption, the amount of money spent on financing the war which will prevent a terrorist attack. Since the events on 9/11, the U.S. spent a huge amount of money in order to financially support the war of terror. The Americans invaded Iraq because, as Bush administration affirmed, it was financially supporting terrorism and was possessing weapons of mass destruction. This invasion caused instability in the U.S economy. The economist Joseph Stiglitz said in 2008 that the U.S adventure in Iraq is more expensive than any war that has ever been fought. More than that, 4.421 Americans died when the invasion started, in March 2003 and 32.000 were hurt during the attacks. Almost 100.000 of Iraqi citizens died during the war. In 2009, the U.S. military expenses numbered $663,3 mld, but according to the Congressional Research Service, the costs of the war will be around $802 mld at the and of 2011. (Rosca, Cristina, and Andreea Neferu. US Ended the War in Iraq. Financial Newspaper 1 Sept. 2010. Print.) As it can be seen, the costs of a preemtive war are very high, and not only from a financial point of view. Besides the costly military operations and the suffering caused to civilians, the strategy of preemption also leads to a ruined infrastructure. After the terrorist threat will be removed, more funds will need to be allocated to pay for the reparations that the war caused. Another fact that needs to be noticed when talking about preemption is that foreign countries may find this strategy a disproportionate response to the terrorist threat. Because, by definition, preemptive actions occures before a terrorist attack, the target countries may have good reasons to exaggerate the real threat . Also, because predictions can be sometimes deviant, other states may remain skeptical on this strategy when a country adoptes it. The decision that the Bush administration took regarding the invasion of Afghanistan was seen by many states necessary and totally justified after the attacks on 9/11. On the other hand, the decision of expanding the war from Afghanistan to Iraq, which was never linked with the terrorist attacks that took place on 9/11, excepting by the Bush administration, made people from all around the world to fear a possible invasion. Now, the countries worldwide were at risk of preemptive war if they were accused for terrorism actions or for financia lly supporting terrorism. Many foreign governments opposed to this actions which was seen by them as a violation of the sovereignty of a country.(Haynes, Jeffrey. World Politics. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2011. Print.) Using the strategy of preemption, even for fighting against terrorism, can result in more support from the people for those who are carrying out the attacks. As I have mentioned above, preemptive actions can cause many damages in the states accused by terrorist actions. Ruining the infrastructure of a country, and more than that, causing suffering to innocent civilians will make the citizens of that country fight against the state that attacked them, and even support the terrorist networks. In the case of the U.S actions, even if they gained many allies to fight with against terrorism, the Americans also made many enemies in the countries they attacked. When talking about preemption, some people sustain the idea of self-defence, justifying the actions that need to be taken according to this strategy. Other people, espacially those who opposed to the Iraq War, deny the fact that a preemptive action could be ever justified. (Shue, Henry, and David Rodin. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.) In conclusion, the strategy of preemption, used in fighting against terrorism is not totally effective. Even if it seems to remove the terrorist threat and it is seen in some countries as one of the best actions that a stat can adopt against terrorism, it can be very costly because of the military operations that it involves. On a first sight it seems to be working but, in order to state this sentance, the damages that it may cause need to be excluded. It can violate the civil rights, it seems to have a lack of legitimacy, creates suffering among civilians, can make more people suport the terrorist networks and, probably the most important aspect, it can not be adopted for a long term period.

The House on Mango Street Essay -- Character Analysis, Esperanza

When I grow up, I want to be a black gum tree. Black gum trees are known for their internal strength. Instead of dwelling on outward beauty, they spend more time focusing on their inner growth and developing their core. Only after they have achieved this goal can they produce beautiful fruits that draw animals near to them. Any surfaces that the berries touch are stained as to say, â€Å"I was here and made a permanent difference.† After they have utilized their outward influences, they use their internal scars and hollow places to protect the animals surrounding around it. If human lives were to reflect the concepts of the black gum tree, governments, individuals, and communities would be radically transformed. While this is a beautiful image, communities will never fully reach this aspiration. Sandra Cisneros shows the positive and negative effect of community on human growth in The House on Mango Street when Esperanza subconsciously reads the four skinny trees as a stand-in for herself. The layer of concrete surrounding the roots of the trees is a metaphor for the barrier between Esperanza’s success and her community. These four skinny trees are located in the middle of an impoverished city that is plagued with crime, prostitution, and sense of hopelessness. Because all of these cycles are nearly impenetrable, they are a metaphor for the concrete that lay on top of their roots. This slab will forever sit on top of the downward facing roots separating them from the vertical growth that is above them. Ironically, the roots under the concrete support the same slab that is hindering their growth. Without the support of the individuals living on Mango Street, the layer of socially formed concrete would crumble into dust; however, becau... ...Cisneros 110). Her internal strength is strong enough to let her grow beyond the constraints of her community, but she will never reach her full potential until she returns to change the roots that made her that way. Esperanza then chooses to develop the core of her personality despite living in the middle of tangled roots, which ultimately leads to her escape. When I grow up, I want to be Esperanza. I want to think critically, exhort change, find beautiful elements in ordinary texts, and affect my fallen community with the fruits of my internal strength. If Esperanza had not chosen to use both the positive and negative effects of her community as inspiration, she would have entrapped herself and failed to influence the hurting society around her. Instead, she chooses to act like the trees and build her internal strength so that she may reach others effectively.

The Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil War Essay -- Racism Discrimin

The Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil War Despite many hardships that remained from the antebellum state of the union, reconstruction was a socially and constitutionally revolutionary period. The attempts to deter black voters were greatly outweighed by the numbers of blacks voting, as well as the laws that were passed to protect the rights of American citizens, black and white alike. The years after the war saw a rise in the number of human rights laws that were passed, most of which were primarily focused on blacks, but included whites as well. In document D, Gideon Welles stated that the national government didn’t hold the power to grant suffrage to anyone, nor had it shown any interest in the matter. Because of this, the state governments were able to enact black codes which restrained citizens, both black and white, from voting because they were illiterate or because they weren’t of a high enough economic status. This later changed as blacks became more active in government and voiced their upset to the national government, as shown by Document C. B...

Gain credibility as a writer Essay

Any writer who is looking to build a successful career must gain an authority within the writing/publishing industry. Credibility assures customers that a writer is an established and respected professional. If you are searching for ways to gain credibility as a writer, consider the following steps. The best way to become a credible writer is to be a better writer, and the best way to improve your writing is to write everyday. Use whatever mediums are available to you, the Internet, local newspapers and magazines. A credible writer is someone who knows as much about writing as possible. Understanding the technicalities, writing rules and styles is imperative in this industry. For this reason, you should take writing classes and workshops in various areas of writing, and specifically in your own genre of writing, as well as attend conventions and conferences. Have an established writer provide some additional content for your site. Once you build your own reputation, ask that credible writer if you can submit an article. If you are a skilled writer, you will be invited to write for other blogs. Write for as many as you can and expand your readership. This in turn will build your writing integrity and reputation If you write a blog that is focused on the art of writing, then you will build credibility with every entry. Potential clients will read your work. A blog is better than a resume because it demonstrates your skill of writing. Just make sure that every entry you write is edited. Just like a blog can build your credibility as a great writer, it can damage it with a single typo.

Facial Kinesics, Oculesics, and Kinesics Essay

1. Discuss how feelings atomic number 18 expressed through and through facial expressions. sense is one of the nearly controversial upshots in psychology, a source of intense chokechat and dis outfitment from the earliest philosophers and an separate(prenominal) thinkers to the model day. Most psychologists basis be standardised agree on a description of emotion or what phenomena to accept in a discussion of emotion. The list of these parts of emotion is called the helpings of emotion. These components be distinguished ground on physiological or psychological f interpretors and intromit emotion faces, emotion elicitors, and emotion anxious marches. Neither emotion nor their expressions be concepts universally embraced by psychologists. The confines expression implies the macrocosm of something that is expressed. The behaviours referenced by expression ar part of an organized emotional response, and thus, the term expression captures the behaviors role sligh t adequately than a reference to it as an feel of the emotion reaction.In addition, facial expressions constitute primarily a communicative carry and convey something about intentions or national state, and I find the con nonation of the discourse expression enjoymentful. Facial expressions and emotions be straighta mood mergeed to each other(a). many a nonher(prenominal) time, we sub consciously portray bets and expressions on our faces that argon flat linked to how we ar feeling at the time. Though passel regularly recognise galore(postnominal) distinct emotions, for the most part, come along for studies affirm been limited to six elementary categories and they atomic number 18 happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. The reason for this is grounded in the premise that only these six categories ar differentially represented by our cognitive and friendly systems. (Knapp, Hall & Horgan, 2014, p.261)2. Discuss savant dilation and weight-li ftion.Early research determined that disciple dilation and interest in the stimulant drug atomic number 18 linked. Researchers currently utilize video- ground fondness-tracking tools that footmark where people are spirit, how long they are looking at something, and how their disciples respond to what they are looking at anddoing. Peoples scholars burn fill out and constrict, and these mid exhibit foreparts predict their interest level, attitudes, store, decision-making processes, as rise up as various disorders. When people are intrigued by or interested in something, they carry to look harder and focus deeper in on that particular thing. at that place has been so to a greater extent than more additional research on this topic, and many different results and ideas have been added to the ca expenditures and think behind pupil dilation and constriction. Our pupils whitethorn enlarge or constrict based on our attitudes. Pupils dilate for positive attitudes and constrict for negative ones. This stick out even include measure when we receive compliments or praise for doing a well job. Our pupils dilate for excitement and things that feel good to us. some other study found that recognition and memory were also linked to the change in pupil size. If people saw or recognized something they have seen before, or something that b springs back a fond memory, pupils tend to dilate. We link certain events to certain stimuli and research battle arrayed that this linkage created a change in look size. Eyes whitethorn also dilate when we have reached a decision or how we are touch randomness. When we are in deep thought or breathing out through the process of trying to fabricate a difficult decision, our look whitethorn dilate or constrict regarding on our emotions and feelings toward that particular decision or topic we are thinking over. Research appearings that many different things can cause these editions in pupil size. It is hard t o narrow it vote overpower to just a few things because thither are so many and people react differently in all(prenominal) situation. Tightening muscles anywhere on the corpse, expectancy of a loud noise, drugs, corelid clo indisputable, and noetic effort all alter pupil size. age the visual cortex in the back of the brain assembles the images we see, a different, of age(p) part of our nervous system manages the unvarying tuning of our pupil size, alongside other functions like heart rate and diaphoresis that operate mostly after-school(prenominal) our conscious control. This autonomic nervous system ar rakes the movement of the iris, like the lens of a camera, to bewilder the amount of light that enters the pupil. The iris is do of dickens types of muscle in a brightly lit environment, a ring of sphincter muscles that encircle and constrict the pupil down to as little as a couple of millimeters across in the dark, a set of dilator muscles hardened out like bicycle spokes, which can expand the pupil up to 8 millimeters approximately the diameter of a chickpea.cognitive and emotional events can also dictatepupil constriction and expansion, though such(prenominal) events occur on a little scale than the light reflex, causing changes s losely less than half a millimeter. However, that is enough. By recording pillow slips philias with infrared cameras and coercive for other factors that might affect pupil size, like brightness, color, and distance, scientists can use pupil movements as a proxy for other processes, like mental s moderate. (Knapp, Hall & Horgan, 2014, p.318-319)3. run when we watch more and when we gaze less.every day we use non- oral signals to fall out a wide range of emotions, feelings and desires. One of the most important of these signals is the gaze. I am sure that everyone has had the experience of organism on a bus or a train and suddenly feeling quite self-conscious because you feel that a nonher soul is thoroug hgoing(a) at you, even though they may just be unadulterated at a dot on the surround and you happen to be in the same(p) direction. In our everyday interactions, we look at many people, yet we look at them in a specific way in order to avoid uneasiness and disagreements. We are never really taught how to look at people, apart from a farm nonification us to stop staring when we are very young, notwith hold watering we even-tempered manage to understand the way this process works. It may be because we use glances, looks and gazes so much in our routine dialogue theory that it has become second nature to us. in that respect are a number of factors that operate the amount of time we spend looking at someone when we are move in conversation the soul who is sense of hearing gazes more than the mortal who is talking, we look more at people that we like and less at people that we do not and we gaze more when we are interested in the topic, than when we are bored. Gaze refe rs to an exclusive looking at another person. There are four main functions of gazing. regulatory is when responses may be demanded or stamp down by looking. Monitoring is looking at the partner to indicate the conclusions of thought units and to give way the partners attentiveness and reaction. cognitive is looking past when having difficulty processing development or deciding what to say. communicatory is divine revelation the nature or academic degree of involvement and emotional arousal by looking. We gaze more when we are in deep conversations. In each of these functions, we gaze and look at the individual we are conversing with in various degrees of interest. Each of these has a different level of gazing. (Knapp, Hall & Horgan, 2014,p.296-298)4. How are the snappers utilise to determine magic?This straits may require outside research. The affections are the windows to the soul. The nerve centres are the most expressive area of a persons entire body. A very importa nt rule in the interpretation of non-verbal behavior, it is to look for endangers in affection tie-in. Breaks in eye tie-in, at the point of the reply, are considered deceptive. Breaks in eye amour indicating deception is chiefly accompanied by additional deceptive body behavior. A break in eye amour is when the interviewee is not, more or less, looking this instant at the interviewers face and eyes, with the eyes open. Truthful people generally look at the interviewer when they are answering a inquiry. Deceptive people volition break eye march at the eccentric of the answer. The process of detecting deception, by the use of breaks in eye seize, is apply when the detective is asking a series of questions, tell at the subject. In a question and answer session, the subject leave generally maintain eye pass with the investigator, as the investigator is speaking. You should start with questions that are not relevant to the investigation at hired man. discover the per sons eye bear on as you are speaking and they are answering. This ordain give you a norm for their behavior, what they normally do. Normally, a person will maintain eye involvement during the question. You are looking for breaks in eye contact when the subject is answering the question. A unfeigned subject will maintain good eye contact term hearing and will break eye contact to think or to accumulate thoughts and change eye contact during the answer. For example, you ask a person where they were two nights ago at 10 pm. The subject will probably break eye contact while they are thinking and mentally multitude the information for the answer. This should not be considered a deceptive break in eye contact. The person is merely getting the information for the answer. In a truthful response, the person will regain eye contact and deliver the answer. The deceptive person will not maintain eye contact when they answer the question. They break eye contact, just briefly, while an swering the question. After the question is answered, the subject will resume eye contact.The deceptive break in eye contact occurs at the instance of the answer. These breaks may be subtle, looking away, blinking, rolling eyes, coat their eyes or diverting their help to another task as they answer and coming back to eye contact after the answer. The break in eye contact is where the subjectis mentally discharge away from you. In some cultures and in some people, they will not pull back eye contact, constantly looking down or away from you. This process will not work until the person benefits eye contact during the conversation. The techniques to gain their eye contact are not addressed in this article. Do not challenge the subject to look you in the eye. This creates false eye contact and obscures your ability to read the sure breaks in eye contact. Another variation of breaking eye contact to gather and deliver information is where the subject is telling a tier.For instance , a subject was assaulted and robbed. While telling the story, the person may not look at the investigator as they are presenting the story. In this instance, the person is replaying the calamity in their head and narrating the story as they recall. During the story, the person may periodically make direct eye contact when a specific point is made. After the story has been delivered, the subject should regain eye contact, waiting for the investigator to respond. (Givens, 2013)5. Discuss the different types of gestures.Speech- individual gestures depend upon culturally accepted interpretation. A hustle or two fingers for a public security sign are examples of speech-independent gestures. Speech-independent gestures are communicative acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition, commonly consisting of a word or two or a phrase. These gestures are the least(prenominal) dependent on speech for their significance and most commonly occur as a single gesture. Speech independent gestures consist of sagging, shaking of head, using the nerve center finger, shrugging, hugs, or thumbs up. Speech-related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech. This form of communicatory communicating is used to emphasize the message. Speech-related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing to an object of discussion.Speech-related gestures are sometimes called illustrators, or co-speech gestures, are directly fastened to or accompany speech. The meanings and functions of these gestures are revealed as we examine how they relate to the attendant verbalise speech. Speech-related gestures resemble the movements elicited by long-train arousal of the primate motor cortex. Speech-related hand gestures have their evolutionary origins in functional hand movements of ancestral non-primate and primate species andmay be constrained by the neural substrate for those movements. (Knapp, Hall, Horgan, 2014 , p. 201-215)6. Discuss how people use kinesics to work others.The use of kinesics and in everyday brio is the most prominent use of panorama we use without even distinguishing. They are used unknowing because you may not know what they mean. This can cause cultural latent hostility if you do something that may seem benignant to you but may be a great insult to another culture. Kinesics has many forms, which can be used by many people in the American culture to pursue people nonchalant for various reasons. This use of persuasion is used today in everyday life. Kinesics is articulation of the body, or movement resulting from muscular and hard up shift. This includes all actions, material or physiological, machine-driven reflexes, strength, facial expressions, gestures, and other body movements. Kinesics may substitute for language, accompany it, or interchange it. Kinesics may be verbal or informative and directive in nature, or they may be emotive or empathic movements. mock up is one of the components of kinesics. Posture is broken down into three raw material positions, bent knees, lying down, and standing. Artists and mimes have everlastingly been aware of the range of communication assertable through body stance.However, there are some cultural differences in posture positions. Eye contact helps beggars get more money. Frequent but not extended eye contact leads to more persuasion. The lack of eye contact causes the person macrocosm spoken to not to trust the speaker. circulate body poses are more persuasive. An audience that is standing is more likely to be persuaded than an audience sitting. Another use of kinesics would be proxemics and distance, being closer to a person can be more persuasive. In addition, dressing appropriately is persuasive. Everyone knows if dress well for an interview then you are persuading the interviewer that you are the person for the job. People that are more attractive are more persuasive. (Fisher, 2011)7. discover how cultural diversity affects kinesics and eye behaviors.Kinesics is body motions such as shrugs, foot tapping, thrum fingers, clicking pens, triceing, facial expressions, and gestures. communicatory behavior or kinesics using observational skills or narration body language to understand a patients underlying feelings. Many people reveal more through their facial expressions part of kinesics than they may worry to convey. Theymay sit alone and take down at what appears to be nothing at all. Others may exhibit a faltering pleasant smile or oblation a nearly vacant booby stare. Just by observations, you can vex to formulate opinions about others and react accord to your impressions. neat kinesics give positive, self-confident, professional, communicative messages to people, being especially sensitive to gender or cultural differences. We as Americans may deprivation to be touched during difficult times or by close friends but generally stand 30 inches apart. Americans do shake hands. Young Americans do shew affection publicly.Americans are taught to make eye contact. In terms of general kinesics, Americans use hand gestures to indicate when something is okay or give a thumbs up for a good job, and use head nodding to affirm a speakers message. African Americans most commonly exhibit behaviors typical of all Americans, but this free radical tends to touch more, especially around other African Americans. Further, as a group, they stand closer to each other and display more emotion through laugh and touching than is typical of Euro-Americans. Nonverbal communication skills serve various cultures well as you learn to observe and interpret the behavior of others. That which is non-neutral has some meaning. When communicative behavior contradicts verbal behavior, your attention essential be cerebrate there. Nonverbal interpretations also help you in establishing communication with those who cannot or will not talk. The communicative i s often more revealing than the spoken word.The key elements of signed language are kinesics, proxemics, haptics, oculesics, chronemics, olfactics, appearance and adornment, posture, locomotion, sound symbols, silence, and vocalics. You must be aware of what specific physical positions, such as encountering a patient with arms crossed who is staring at the floor, might mean. You must always go for your perceptions rather than assuming the meaning of nonverbal behavior, especially when cultural differences may exist. Good observational skills are an important component of the nonverbal process. (Oneil, 2009) 8. Analyze your nonverbal communication using the material in the texts. Nonverbal communication is a broad term used to describe any mode of transferring information without words. My nonverbal communication is intentional, and based on many things. Some of my nonverbal communication includes my body language, facial cues, fig up, personalised grooming, and hand gestures.Ma ny of the facial expressions I use for example are relativelyuniversal. Most of the time I am communicating fear, joy, or anger when I use nonverbal communication. Other times I use nonverbal cues like bowing, shaking hands, or nodding my head. I use body language as nonverbal communication very often. For example, you may see me turning towards a person when seated and speaking to them is a nonverbal cue by nodding my head. When I tilt my head slightly is a form of nonverbal communication to show curiosity or express that I am listening closely. I may tend to look away to show a lack of attention. Sometime I may position myself far away from whomever I am talking to can show disinterest, disgust, or fear of the person. When I position myself slightly closer that intend I am showing interest. When I position myself extremely close that center I am trying to communicate either aggression or a very high level of interest. My attire is another form of nonverbal communication.My clot hing can communicate how I am feeling. It also often acts as a marker for social class. Designer clothing, practise tailored suits or shoes denotes wealth. It can even act as a nonverbal cue for religion or politics as well. My gestures also act as a form of nonverbal communication. I use wide range of hand gestures on a occasional basis, such as a drift goodbye, thumbs up to demonstrate everything is okay, a wink to show that something is being left unsaid, or my personal favorite, elbowing someone to let them know that something is wrong, or shrugging my shoulders when I am unsure.ReferencesFisher, J. (2001). Knowing body language saves disturbance and improves understanding and clarity. Retrieved from http//www.livingbetter.org/livingbetter/articles/bodylanguage.htm Givens, J. (2013). Deception Cue. Retrieved from http//center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/deceive.htm Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A., & Horgan, T. G. (2014) Nonverbal converse in Human Interaction. Boston, MA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Oneil, D. (2009). Hidden Aspects of Communication. Retrieved from http//anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm Pfeuffer, K., Vidal, M., Turner, J., Bulling, A., & Gellersen, H. (2013). Pursuit normalisation Making Gaze Calibration slight Tedious and More Flexible. Retrieved fromhttp//www.d2.mpi-inf.mpg.de/content/pursuit-calibration-making-gaze-calibration-less-tedious-and-more-flexible

Exercises in Scientific Writing: Coordinators, Subordinators

The full PDF (with exercises) posterior be downloaded from http//louisville. edu,faculty/ lwolf02, writing-about-data jointureing Sentences with Subordinators One of the biggest differences among mature, telling writing and more basic writing is that mature writers single-valued function subordinators to leaven relationships between ideas. The more complex the information that you be writing about. the more crucial subordinators ar. unfortunately. when start writers start using subordinators, they frequently modernise sentence fragments or punctuate sentences incorrectly.Therefore, this chapter has the future(a) goals 1. Encourage you to use subordinators to connect ideas together. 2. battle array that subordinators can be utilise in either the beginning or the middle of sentences. 3. Ensure that you understand the correct rules for punctuating subordinators. What is a subordinator? Subordinators are words that join sentences and overhaul us highlight a transformat ion of relationships between ideas, including cause,effect relationships, distinguishs, conditions, and yieldings.Here are the subordinators we use nearly Often Subordinator although, though, even off though, While, whereas because, since Logical blood Contrast/concession Cause/ResL11t check into before, after, when, Time henever, until, as soon as Example While we can amaze X-ray emissions, such(prenominal) an approach is often laborious, time-consuming, and impractical. The tuff absorbed a expectant amount of water after the seism because it consisted of porous material. The stress cannot be reproduced if the blocks are overly large.Some heart attack victims in our examine confessed that they phoned clients and rescheduled meetings before they c bothed an ambulance. When we put a subordinator in front of a sentence, we falsify the sentence from an freelancer article to a mutualist (or subordinate) clause. Heres a quick look into of ndependent and dependent clauses. I ndependent clause Contains a subject and verb and can stand altogether as a complete thought. An supreme clause is a sentence. Examples of case-by-case clauses Jim studied. It was actu entirelyy noisy. Our class meets at 900 in the morning.Dependent clause Contains a subject and verb, further can not stand alone as a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Examples of dependent clauses When Jim studied. Because it was really noisy. after(prenominal) our class meets at 900 in the morning. Copyright 2006-2007 Joanna Wolfe. Support for these materials provided by -the Engineering Information Foundation. -3- greenback that all of the dependent clauses above begin with a subordinator, such as when, because, after. To turn these dependent clauses into complete sentences, we he became anxious. ependent clause self-employed person clausecan stand as a complete sentence Because it was very noisy, he got into a turn on with his roommate. After our class meets at 900 in the morning, I requirement coffee. These sentences can similarly be written so that the independent clause comes first Jim became anxious when he studied He got into a fight with his roommate because it was very noisy. I need coffee fter our class meets at 900 in the morning Punctuating subordinate clauses 1 . When the dependent (subordinate) clause comes first, it is always followed by a comma. Because the study take is flyspeck , additional research is needed.If the blocks are likewise large , the stress cannot be reproduced. beforehand you start, make sure you have all the needed parts. Whereas a hoist can merely lift and lower, a exsert can be active loads in horizontal and tumid planes. 2. When the dependent (subordinate) clause comes siemens, a comma is not used unless a strain or concession subordinator is used, in which case the comma is ptional. additional research is needed because the study sample is small. no comma The stress cannot be reproduced if the blocks are too large. no comma Make sure you have all the needed parts before you start.. no comma A crane can move loads in horizontal and vertical planes whereas a hoist can only lift and lower. comma optional because crease subordinator (whereas) is used Presenting inquisitive News junctioning Sentences to Show grant We use the contrast subordinators although, though, even though, while, whereas to fork up contrast. But they do more than contrast they change the bucks they re attached to and show concession. Concessive subordinators are very effectual for presenting swelled intelligence they concede that a hassle or shortcoming or flaw exists while de- punctuate this problem.Emphasizing the true(p) news Concessive subordinators are particularly useful in emphasizing a study or tests grave points while nevertheless acknowledging mistakes or flaws. For instance, we might write Although the studys trope has most flaws, problem conceded Although th e tests were done in a lab, the results are promising the findings should be applicable to the real world. good point forceful These sentences use the subordinator although to concede nigh points, tho still leave the contributor on a high stemmathe promising nature of the studies.Emphasizing the bad news Sometimes, however, you want to emphasize the problems. This is especially important when you want to warn readers about latent safety issues. In this situation, you should attach the good point to the concessive subordinator and put the problem in the main clause. Although the findings are promising, good point conceded the tests were done in a lab and may not be applicable to real use situations. roblem emphasized This sentence, in contrast to the examples above, ends on a negative point.No dialect/Equal fury If you want to stress the good and bad news equally, use one of the contrast coordinators, but or provided to Join the deuce clauses. The results are promising, but t he fig has some flaws. This sentence stresses neither the results nor the flaws. The two clauses are given equal emphasis. point out that a comma precedes the coordinator. -8- Summary of contrast and concession words Word fount Subordinators Coordinators Contrast Although Even though though While But, yet Concession Note that whereas generally works better for emphasizing contrasts than for emphasizing concessions.Subordinators Join two clauses and de-emphasize the clause they are attached to. Coordinators Join two clauses and give equal emphasis to the ideas they Join. Punctuation If the subordinator appears in the first clause, use a comma Although the studys design has some flaws, the results are promising. If a subordinator appears in the second clause, do not use a comma. (exception an optional comma may be used before the contrast/concession subordinators although, even though, though, while, hereas) The studys design has some flaws even though the results are promising.If a coordinatorsuch as but, yetconnects two independent clauses (complete sentences), a comma should be lay before the coordinator The studys design has some flaws, but the results are promising. -12- Coordinators, Subordinators, and Transitions The English language has trey basic types of linguistic patterns for connecting main ideas coordinators, subordinators and transitions. The gameboard below summarizes the purposes and differences among these connectors. Connector type body structure Where they connect Emphasis and nor but yet One sentence Middle of bring back equal emphasis to two near connected clauses.